Canterbury Castle

Has been described as a Certain Masonry Castle

There are masonry ruins/remnants remains

NameCanterbury Castle
Alternative NamesCanterburie
Historic CountryKent
Modern AuthorityKent
1974 AuthorityKent
Civil ParishCanterbury

Canterbury Castle was built as a royal castle circa 1085-1125. It was used as a prison from circa 1293, however by 1335 the castle was largely in ruins. The castle walls and gates were demolished in 1792 and the medieval topography was gradually destroyed. The square keep and a small portion of the bailey wall of circa 1085 are the only part still standing. However, other sections of the castle have been located by recent excavations. Canterbury Castle stood in the south of the town just within the city wall, which formed the south boundary of its inner bailey. The square Norman keep is made of bands of flint and Caen stone blocks. There were originally four arched windows to each side. The interior has two cross walls and the remains of spiral staircases in the east and south-west wall and of fireplaces of rubble set in a herringbone pattern have survived. The keep measures 87 by 75 feet externally and the walls are 9 feet thick. The other defences consisted of a rectangular curtain wall with angle turrets and a ditch, entered through two gates. The approximate alignment of the bailey defences can be seen here as a break in slope of the ground surface behind oast houses south of Gas Lane. (PastScape)

The remains of a square Norman keep. 2 storeys above ground level (it was reduced in height in 1817) built in bands of flint and Caen stone blocks. There were originally 4 arched windows to each side. The interior has 2 cross walls and the remains of spiral staircases in the east and south-west wall. Remains of fireplaces of rubble set in a herringbone pattern. The keep measures 87 by 75 feet externally and the walls are 9 ft thick. (Listed Building Report)

Gatehouse Comments

The relationship with the adjacent Dane John mound is a matter of some discussion which effects the dating of the castle. If the Dane John was a motte (either new built or adapted from a burial mound) then it may be thought unlikely this site dates from as early as 1085, but timber castles could be built quickly and some did have very short lives and 19 years after the Conquest could fit with the short life of some such castles.

- Philip Davis

This site is a scheduled monument protected by law

This is a Grade 1 listed building protected by law

Historic England Scheduled Monument Number
Historic England Listed Building number(s)
Images Of England
Historic England (PastScape) Defra or Monument number(s)
County Historic Environment Record
OS Map Grid ReferenceTR145574
Latitude51.2756118774414
Longitude1.07456994056702
Eastings614540
Northings157430
HyperLink HyperLink HyperLink
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

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Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image
Photo by Philip Davis. All Rights Reserved

() above

Latitude 51° 16' 32.16" Longitude 1° 4' 28.27"

View full Sized Image

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Books

  • Goodall, John, 2011, The English Castle 1066-1650 (Yale University Press) p. 117, 119, 120
  • Purton, P.F., 2009, A History of the Early Medieval Siege c. 450-1220 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press) p. 175
  • Salter, Mike, 2000, The Castles of Kent (Malvern: Folly Publications) p. 21-2
  • Pettifer, A., 1995, English Castles, A guide by counties (Woodbridge: Boydell Press) p. 111-13
  • Drage, C., 1987, 'Urban castles' in Schofield, J. and Leech, R. (eds) Urban Archaeology in Britain (CBA Research Report 61) p. 117-32 online copy
  • King, D.J.C., 1983, Castellarium Anglicanum (London: Kraus) Vol. 1 p. 228
  • Newman, John, 1983, Buildings of England: North east and east Kent (Harmondsworth) p. 246
  • < >Bennett, P., Frere, S.S. and Stow, S., 1982, The Archaeology of Canterbury Vol. 1, Excavations at Canterbury Castle (Kent Archaeological Society for the Canterbury Archaeological Trust) < >
  • Frere, S.S., Stow, S. and Bennett, P., 1982, The Archaeology of Canterbury Vol. 2, Excavations on the Roman and Medieval Defences of Canterbury (Maidstone: Kent Archaeological Society for the Canterbury Archaeological Trust) p. 50-6
  • Renn, D.F., 1982, 'The decoration of Canterbury Castle keep' in Medieval Art and Architecture at Canterbury before 1220 (British Archaeological Association Transactions) p. 125-8
  • Fry, P.S., 1980, Castles of the British Isles (David and Charles) p. 201
  • Smithers, David Waldron, 1980, Castles in Kent (Chatham)
  • Guy, John, 1980, Kent Castles (Meresborough Books)
  • Newman, John, 1976, Buildings of England: West Kent and the Weald (Harmondsworth) p. 237-8
  • Renn, D.F., 1973 (2 edn.), Norman Castles of Britain (London: John Baker) p. 130
  • Colvin, H.M., Brown, R.Allen and Taylor, A.J., 1963, The history of the King's Works Vol. 2: the Middle Ages (London: HMSO) p. 588-90
  • Toy, Sidney, 1953, The Castles of Great Britain (Heinemann) p. 72-74
  • Toy, Sidney, 1939, Castles: A short History of Fortifications from 1600 BC to AD 1600 (London) p. 72-3
  • Braun, Hugh, 1936, The English Castle (Batsford) p. 35, 38
  • Enderby, 1932, The Norman Keep Canterbury Castle (Canterbury)
  • Armitage, Ella, 1912, The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles (London: John Murray) p. 116-121 online copy
  • Thompson, A. Hamilton, 1912, Military Architecture in England during the Middle Ages (OUP) p. 46, 120, 128 online copy
  • Harvey, Alfred, 1911, Castles and Walled Towns of England (London: Methuen and Co)
  • Sands, Harold, 1907, 'Some Kentish Castles' in Ditchfield and Clinch, Memorials of Old Kent (London) p. 165-72 online copy
  • Mackenzie, J.D., 1896, Castles of England; their story and structure (New York: Macmillan) Vol. 1 p. 6-7 online copy
  • Timbs, J. and Gunn, A., 1872, Abbeys, Castles and Ancient Halls of England and Wales Vol. 1 (London) p. 333-4 online copy
  • Hasted, Edward, 1778-99, The history and topographical survey of the county of Kent Vol. 4 p. 408-11
  • King, Edward, 1804, Munimenta antiqua or Observations on antient castles (W.Bulmer and Co) Vol. 3 p. 210 online copy
  • King, Edward, 1782, Observations on Antient Castles (London) p. 28-30, 124-34
  • Buck, Samuel and Nathaniel, 1774, Buck's Antiquities (London) Vol. 1 p. 123
  • Grose, Francis, 1785 (new edn orig 1756), Antiquities of England and Wales (London) Vol. 3 p. 14-18 online copy

Antiquarian

  • Camden, Wm, 1607, Britannia hypertext critical edition by Dana F. Sutton (2004)
  • Chandler, John, 1993, John Leland's Itinerary: travels in Tudor England  (Sutton Publishing) p. 259
  • Toulmin-Smith, Lucy (ed), 1909, The itinerary of John Leland in or about the years 1535-1543 (London: Bell and Sons) Vol. 4 p. 69 online copy

Journals

  • Richard Nevell, 2014-15, 'Castles as prisons' Castle Studies Group Journal Vol. 28 p. 203-224
  • Harfield, C.G., 1991, 'A Hand-list of Castles Recorded in the Domesday Book' English Historical Review Vol. 106 p. 371-392 view online copy (subscription required)
  • Renn, D.F., 1983, 'Canterbury Castle: a case study' Château Gaillard Vol. 11 p. 253–5
  • Bennett, P., Frere, S.S. and Stow, S., 1982, 'Excavations at Canterbury Castle' Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 98 p. 236
  • Selkirk, A., 1981, 'Canterbury' Current Archaeology Vol. 7.9 p. 269-75
  • Tatton-Brown, T., 1978-80, 'Canterbury' Current Archaeology Vol. 6 p. 78-82
  • Tatton-Brown, T., 1976, 'Excavations in 1976 by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust: Canterbury Castle' Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 92 p. 240 (slight) online copy
  • Millard, L., 1972, 'A Note on the Excavations at Canterbury Castle, 1971' Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 87 p. 205-8 online copy
  • 1972, Medieval Archaeology Vol. 16 p. 181 download copy
  • Renn, D.F. , 1970, 'The defences of Canterbury' The Archaeological Journal Vol. 126 p. 238-9 (Plan)
  • Brown, R. Allen, 1959, 'A List of Castles, 1154–1216' English Historical Review Vol. 74 p. 249-280 (Reprinted in Brown, R. Allen, 1989, Castles, conquest and charters: collected papers (Woodbridge: Boydell Press) p. 90-121) view online copy (subscription required)
  • Brown, R. Allen, 1955, 'Royal Castle-building in England 1154-1216' English Historical Review Vol. 70 (Reprinted in Brown, R. Allen, 1989, Castles, conquest and charters: collected papers (Woodbridge: Boydell Press)) p. 19-64
  • Webster, 1940, 'Notes on the Discovery of the Foundations of a Gatehouse at the Norman Castle, Canterbury, 1939' Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 53 p. 143-5
  • Enderby, H.M., 1932 Nov. 19, Kentish Gazette and Canterbury Press
  • Horne, G., 1929, The Archaeological Journal Vol. 86 p. 243-7 (plans) online copy
  • Armitage, E., 1904 April, 'The Early Norman Castles of England' English Historical Review Vol. 19 p. 209-245, 417-455 esp. 219-22 online copy
  • Clark, G.T., 1875, The Archaeological Journal Vol. 32 p. 490-494 online copy
  • 1794, The Gentleman's Magazine Part 2 p. 909-10 online copy
  • King, Edward, 1782, 'Sequel to the observations on Ancient Castles' Archaeologia Vol. 6 p. 300-10 (reprint in Antient Castles)
  • King, Edward, 1777, 'Observations on antient castles' Archaeologia Vol. 4 p. 364-413 esp 390-2 (reprint in Antient Castles) online copy

Guide Books

  • Ian Coulson and Andy Harmsworth, n.d. (post 2005), Canterbury City Walls (Kent County Council) (A teacher resource pack with much useful content) online copy

Primary Sources

  • 1086, Domesday Book online copy
  • Ingram, James, (ed) 1912, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (Everyman Press, London) Laud Chronicle AD1140 view online transcription (Ingram's translation and notes date from 1823. More recent translations of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles should be consulted for serious study)
  • Pipe Rolls 1172-4, 1190-3 ff. (see Pipe Roll Society for published references)
  • Rickard, John, 2002, The Castle Community. The Personnel of English and Welsh Castles, 1272-1422 (Boydell Press) (lists sources for 1272-1422) p. 259-64
  • C145/128(1) (Survey of 1335) The National Archives reference (calendared in Maxwell Lyte, H.C., 1916, Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous (Chancery), preserved in the Public Record Office (H.M.S.O.) Vol. 2 p. 354 No. 1454 [online copy > https://archive.org/stream/calendarofinqu02grea#page/354/mode/1up])